الأهداف النواتية: الأشكلة والمفهمة والحجاج
Methodological workshops on philosophical concepts, operational concepts and the argumentative approach to philosophical texts.
Philosophy rests on concepts (Deleuze: philosophy is the creation of concepts). How is a philosophical concept extracted from a text and its meaning fixed internally and externally? What are its properties (abstraction, concision) and functions (precision, organization)?
Operational definitions with examples: question, questioning, problem (problématique), stake, concepts, the thesis and the theme of a text; then how a problem is constructed, the philosophical value of a thesis (descriptive, explanatory, critical) and the role of historical development in analysis.
Argumentation is immanent to the philosophy lesson. What is argument, what is demonstration, and how do they differ? Reboul's features of argumentation (an audience, natural language, plausible premises…) and learning to argue as a gateway to critical thinking, with a bibliography.
Following Perelman's typology: quasi-logical arguments (self-contradiction, aporia, identity, transitivity, division…), arguments based on the structure of reality (authority, causal link, pragmatic argument…), and arguments establishing the structure of reality (example, analogy, quotation, model, metaphor), with applications.
Arguments that separate notions and break their unity into hierarchical pairs (appearance/reality, means/end), their forms in discourse (pseudo-, non-…), their argumentative weight as a world-view, and what makes philosophical discourse specific.
Illustrated definitions: proof, argumentation, logical connectives, syllogism, induction, opposition, reasoning, allegory, demonstration, definition, synthesis, exposition, division, reductio ad absurdum, comparison and analogy, and factual, historical and scientific arguments.
Introduction
The paper sets out the methodological and theoretical articulations of the philosophy lesson — problematization, conceptualization and argumentation, the so-called core objectives — presented as workshops in line with the competency-based approach.
المقاربة الحجاجية للنصوص الفلسفية
Approche argumentatif pour des textes philosiphiques
اعتبارات نظرية Quelque considération théorique
تهدف هذه الورقة إلى إبراز مختلف تمفصلات الدرس الفلسفي في بعده المنهجي Méthodique والنظري théorique الصرف، من أشكلة problématisation، ومفهمة conceptualisation ، ومحاججة (الحجاج) Argumentation ، وهو ما يسمى عموما في الفلسفة بالأهداف النواتية Les objectif noyaux. وهي مادة ستساهم حتما في تنمية البعد التحليلي Analytique والتركيبي Synthétique ومعها النقدي critique لديك. فهي أدوات ووسائل مساعدة، أو إن صح القول مادة أولية لا تغنينا عن الإشتغال بالنص الفلسفي عموما.
وقد ارتأينا تقديم هذه المادة على شكل ورشات، وهو الأمر الذي ينسجم ومدخل الكفايات كخيار بيداغوجي تبنته المنظومة التربوية والقائمين على هذا الشأن عموما.